"औषधि एवं स्वास्थ्य प्रौद्योगिकी का इतिहास" सम्पादित करें

{{अनुवाद}}== प्राचीन ==

* c. 2600s ईसा पूर्व - [[Imhotep]] wrote texts on [[ancient Egyptian medicine]] describing diagnosis and treatment of 200 diseases in 3rd dynasty Egypt.
* c. 2596 BC¹ - The legendary date of composition of ''[[Huangdi Neijing]]'' (''Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine''), which lays the framework for the basic theories of [[traditional Chinese medicine]]
* c. 1500 BC¹ - [[Saffron]] used as a medicine on the Aegean island of Thera in ancient Greece
* c. 500 BC¹ - [[सुश्रुत]] ने [[सुश्रुत संहिता]] नामक [[आयुर्वेद]] के ग्रंथ की रचना की जिसमें १२० [[शल्य चिकित्सा]] के उपकरणों एवं ३०० शल्य-प्रक्रियाओं का वर्णन है। उन्होने मानव के [[शल्यक्रिया]] को ८ वर्गों में बांटा तथा [[कॉस्मेटिक शल्यक्रिया]] का वर्णन किया है।
* c. 500 BC - [[Bian Que]] becomes the earliest physician known to use [[acupuncture]] and pulse diagnosis.
* 420 BC - [[Hippocrates of Cos]] maintains that diseases have natural causes and puts forth the [[Hippocratic Oath]], marking the birth of medicine in the west.
* 300 BC - [[Charaka]] writes the [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] text ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'' which uses a rational approach to the causes and cure of disease and uses objective methods of [[clinic]]al examination.
* 280 BC - [[Herophilus]] studies the [[nervous system]] and distinguishes between sensory nerves and motor nerves
* 250 BC - [[Erasistratus]] studies the [[brain]] and distinguishes between the [[telencephalon|cerebrum]] and [[cerebellum]]
* 50-70 - [[Pedanius Dioscorides]] writes ''De Materia Medica'' - a precursor of modern pharmacopeias that was in use for almost 1600 years
* 180 - [[Galen]] studies the connection between [[paralysis]] and severance of the [[spinal cord]]
* 220 - [[Zhang Zhongjing]] publishes [[Shang Han Lun]] (On Cold Disease Damage), the oldest complete medical textbook in the world, focusing on diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.
* 215-282 - Life of [[Huangfu Mi]], who wrote the [[Zhenjiu Jiayijing]] (The ABC Compendium of Acupuncture), the first textbook focusing solely on acupuncture.

== मध्यकाल ==

* 750 - [[माधव]] ने [[निदान]] नामक आयुर्वेदिक ग्रन्थ की रचना की जिसमें उन्होने रोगों का उनके कारण, लक्षण एवं जटिलताओं सहित सूची दी है।
* c. 800-873 - [[Al-Kindi]] (Alkindus) introduces [[quantification]] into medicine with his ''[[De Gradibus]]''
* c. 830-870 - [[Hunayn ibn Ishaq]] translates Galen's works into Arabic

* c. 838-870 - [[Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari]], a pioneer of pediatrics and the field of child development, writes the first [[encyclopedia]] of medicine.<ref>Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", ''Journal of Religion and Health'' '''43''' (4): 357-377 [361]</ref>

* c. 865-925 - [[Rhazes]] pioneers [[pediatrics]],<ref name=Tschanz>David W. Tschanz, PhD (2003), "Arab Roots of European Medicine", ''Heart Views'' '''4''' (2).</ref> and makes the first clear distinction between [[smallpox]] and [[measles]] in his ''al-Hawi''. He also writes the ''Doubts about Galen'', where he refutes Galen's theory of [[humorism]] using an [[experiment]].

* 1000 - [[Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi|Abulcasis]] establishes [[surgery]] as a profession of in his ''Kitab [[al-Tasrif]]'', which remains a standard textbook in Muslim and European [[University|universities]] until the 16th century. The book first introduced the [[plaster]],<ref>Zafarul-Islam Khan, [http://milligazette.com/Archives/15-1-2000/Art5.htm At The Threshhold Of A New Millennium – II] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324064542/http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/15-1-2000/Art5.htm |date=24 मार्च 2017 }}, ''The Milli Gazette''.</ref> [[inhalant]] [[anesthesia]], and many [[surgical instruments]], including the first instruments unique to women,<ref name=Saad>Bashar Saad, Hassan Azaizeh, Omar Said (October 2005). "Tradition and Perspectives of Arab Herbal Medicine: A Review", ''Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine'' '''2''' (4), p. 475-479 [476]. [[Oxford University Press]].</ref> as well as the surgical uses of [[catgut]] and [[forceps]], the [[Ligature (medicine)|ligature]], [[surgical needle]], [[scalpel]], [[curette]], [[retractor]], surgical [[spoon]], [[Sound (medical instrument)|sound]], surgical [[hook]], surgical [[rod]], [[Speculum (medical)|specula]],<ref>Khaled al-Hadidi (1978), "The Role of Muslim Scholars in Oto-rhino-Laryngology", ''The Egyptian Journal of O.R.L.'' '''4''' (1), p. 1-15. ([[cf.]] [http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=674 Ear, Nose and Throat Medical Practice in Muslim Heritage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001101604/http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=674 |date=1 अक्तूबर 2011 }}, Foundation for Science Technology and Civilization.)</ref> and [[bone]] [[saw]].<ref name=Vallely>Paul Vallely, [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20060311/ai_n16147544 How Islamic Inventors Changed the World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229022012/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20060311/ai_n16147544 |date=29 दिसंबर 2015 }}, ''[[The Independent]]'', 11 मार्च 2006.</ref>

* 1021 - [[Ibn al-Haytham|Alhazen]] completes his ''[[Book of Optics]]'', which made important advances in [[Ophthalmology in medieval Islam|ophthalmology]] and [[eye surgery]], as it correctly explained the process of [[visual perception]] for the first time.<ref name=Saad/>

* c. 1030 - [[Avicenna]] writes ''[[The Book of Healing]]'' and ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]'', in which he establishes [[experimental medicine]] and [[evidence-based medicine]]. The ''Canon'' remains a standard textbook in Muslim and European [[University|universities]] until the 18th century. The book's contributions to medicine includes the introduction of [[clinical trial]]s, systematic [[experiment]]ation and [[quantification]] in medicine and [[physiology]],<ref>Katharine Park (March 1990). "''Avicenna in Renaissance Italy: The Canon and Medical Teaching in Italian Universities after 1500'' by Nancy G. Siraisi", ''The Journal of Modern History'' '''62''' (1), p. 169-170.</ref> the discovery of [[Infectious disease|contagious diseases]], the distinction of [[mediastinitis]] from [[pleurisy]], the contagious nature of [[phthisis]], the distribution of [[disease]]s by [[water]] and [[soil]], and the first careful descriptions of [[skin]] troubles, [[sexually transmitted disease]]s, [[perversion]]s, and [[Anxiety|nervous ailments]],<ref name=Sarton>{{citation|first=George|last=Sarton|author-link=George Sarton|title=Introduction to the History of Science|year=1927-31|url=http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/Introl1.html#sarton2|accessdate=2008-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203140704/http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/Introl1.html#sarton2|archive-date=3 फ़रवरी 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> as well the use of [[ice]] to treat [[fever]]s, and the separation of [[medicine]] from [[pharmacology]], which was important to the development of the [[pharmaceutical sciences]].<ref name=Saad/>

* 1100-1161 - [[Ibn Zuhr|Avenzoar]] invents the surgical procedure of [[tracheotomy]] in [[al-Andalus]].<ref>A. I. Makki. "Needles & Pins", ''AlShindagah'' '''68''', January-February 2006.</ref> He is also the first physician known to have carried out human [[dissection]]s and postmortem [[autopsy]], and proves that the [[List of skin diseases|skin disease]] [[scabies]] is caused by a [[parasite]], which contradicted the erroneous theory of [[humorism]].<ref>[http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Islamic+medicine Islamic medicine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208031923/http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Islamic+medicine |date=8 फ़रवरी 2012 }}, ''[[Hutchinson Encyclopedia]]''.</ref> He was also the first to provide a real scientific [[etiology]] for the [[Inflammation|inflammatory diseases]] of the [[ear]], and the first to clearly discuss the causes of [[stridor]].<ref>Prof. Dr. Mostafa Shehata, "The Ear, Nose and Throat in Islamic Medicine", ''Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine'', 2003 (1): 2-5 [4].</ref> Modern [[anesthesia]] was also developed in [[al-Andalus]] by the Muslim [[anesthesiologist]]s Ibn Zuhr and [[Abulcasis]]. They were the first to utilize oral as well as [[Inhalational anaesthetic|inhalant anesthetics]], and they performed hundreds of surgeries under [[inhalant]] anesthesia with the use of [[narcotic]]-soaked [[sponge]]s which were placed over the face.<ref name=Ajram>Dr. Kasem Ajram (1992). ''Miracle of Islamic Science'', Appendix B. Knowledge House Publishers. ISBN 0-911119-43-4.</ref>

* 1242 - [[Ibn Nafis|Ibn an-Nafis]] suggests that the right and left [[ventricle (heart)|ventricles]] of the [[heart]] are separate and discovers the [[pulmonary circulation]] (the cycle involving the [[Ventricle (heart)|ventricles]] of the [[heart]] and the [[lungs]]) and [[coronary circulation]],<ref>Husain F. Nagamia (2003), "Ibn al-Nafīs: A Biographical Sketch of the Discoverer of Pulmonary and Coronary Circulation", ''Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine'' '''1''', p. 22–28.</ref> for which he is considered the pioneer of [[Circulatory system|circulation theory]]<ref>Chairman's Reflections (2004), "Traditional Medicine Among Gulf Arabs, Part II: Blood-letting", ''Heart Views'' '''5''' (2), p. 74-85 [80].</ref> and one of the greatest [[physiologists]].<ref>[[George Sarton]] ([[cf.]] Dr. Paul Ghalioungui (1982), "The West denies Ibn Al Nafis's contribution to the discovery of the circulation", ''Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis'', Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait) <br /> ([[cf.]] [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drpaul.html The West denies Ibn Al Nafis's contribution to the discovery of the circulation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825102842/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drpaul.html |date=25 अगस्त 2009 }}, ''Encyclopedia of Islamic World'')</ref> He emphasized the rigours of verification by [[measurement]], [[observation]] and [[experiment]], and was an early proponent of [[experimental medicine]], postmortem [[autopsy]], and human [[dissection]].<ref>Ingrid Hehmeyer and Aliya Khan (2007), "Islam's forgotten contributions to medical science", ''Canadian Medical Association Journal'' '''176''' (10), p. 1467-1468 [1467].</ref> He also discredited many other erroneous [[Avicenna|Avicennian]] and [[Galen]]ic doctrines on the [[humorism|four humours]], [[pulse]] [[bone]]s, [[muscle]]s, [[intestine]]s, [[Sensory system|sensory organs]], [[Bile|bilious]] [[Canal (anatomy)|canals]], [[esophagus]], [[stomach]], and the [[anatomy]] of other parts of the [[human body]].<ref>Dr. Sulaiman Oataya (1982), "Ibn ul Nafis has dissected the human body", ''Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis'', Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait ([[cf.]] [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/index.html Ibn ul-Nafis has Dissected the Human Body] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091023065405/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/index.html |date=23 अक्तूबर 2009 }}, ''Encyclopedia of Islamic World'').</ref> Ibn al-Nafis also drew [[diagram]]s to illustrate different body parts in his new physiological system.<ref>Dr Ibrahim Shaikh (2001), [http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=209 Who Discovered Pulmonary Circulation, Ibn Al-Nafis or Harvey?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104073753/http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=209 |date=4 जनवरी 2010 }}, FSTC.</ref>

* c. 1248 - [[Ibn al-Baitar]] wrote on [[botany]] and [[pharmacy]], studied animal anatomy and medicine, and was a pioneer of [[veterinary medicine]].

* 1249 - [[Roger Bacon]] writes about [[Lens (optics)#Types of lenses|convex lens]] [[spectacles]] for treating [[long-sightedness]]

* 1300s - When the [[Black Death]] [[bubonic plague]] reached [[al-Andalus]], [[Islamic medicine|Ibn Khatima]] hypothesized that infectious diseases are caused by [[microorganism]]s which enter the human body.<ref name=Syed>Ibrahim B. Syed PhD, "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times", ''Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine'', 2002 (2): 2-9.</ref>

* 1313-1374 - [[Islamic medicine|Ibn Khatima]] wrote a treatise called ''On the Plague'', in which he establishes the existence of contagion through "experience, investigation, the evidence of the senses and trustworthy reports." He also discovers that "transmission is affected through garments, vessels and earrings."<ref name=Syed/>

* 1403 - [[lens (optics)|concave lens]] spectacles to treat [[myopia]]
* early 16th century: [[Paracelsus]], an [[alchemy|alchemist]] by trade, rejects [[occultism]] and pioneers the use of chemicals and minerals in medicine

== १५०० - १८०० ==

* 1543 - [[एन्ड्रियास विसैलियस]] (Andreas Vesalius) ने "De Fabrica Corporis Humani" का प्रकाशन किया जिसके द्वारा आयुर्विज्ञान सम्बन्धी [[यूनान|यूनानी]] गलतियों का सुधार हुआ एवं यूरोप में आयुर्विज्ञान के क्षेत्र में [[क्रान्ति]] आयी।
* 1546 - [[Girolamo Fracastoro]] proposes that epidemic diseases are caused by transferable seedlike entities
* 1553 - Spanish physician [[Miguel Serveto]] describes the circulation of blood through the [[lung]]s. He is accused of heresy (for his theological ideas, not for his medical ideas) by Catholics and Protestants alike; burned at the stake for heresy the same year at age 44
* 1556 - [[Amato Lusitano]] describes venous valves in the Ázigos vein
* 1559 - [[Realdo Colombo]] describes the circulation of blood through the lungs in detail
* 1563 - [[Garcia de Orta]] founds [[tropical medicine]] with his treatise on Indian diseases and treatments
* 1596 - [[Li Shizhen]] publishes Běncǎo Gāngmù or [[Compendium of Materia Medica]], containing 1,892 distinct herbs and other materia medica. There are some 11,096 side prescriptions to treat common illness.
* 1603 - [[Girolamo Fabrici]] studies leg [[vein]]s and notices that they have [[vein valve|valves]] which allow blood to flow only toward the heart
* 1628 - [[William Harvey]] explains that the [[vein]]-[[artery]] system is a continuous loop and that the heart works like a pump to push blood in a one-way circuit through the body, in ''[[Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus]]''
* 1701 - [[Giacomo Pylarini]] gives the first [[smallpox]] [[innoculation]]s in Europe. They were widely practised in the east before then.
* 1736 - [[Claudius Aymand]] performs the first successful [[appendectomy]]
* 1747 - [[James Lind]] discovers that [[citrus]] [[fruit]]s prevent [[scurvy]]
* 1785 - [[William Withering]] publishes ''"An Account of the Foxglove"'' the first systematic description of [[digitalis]] in treating [[dropsy]]
* 1790s - [[Samuel Hahnemann]] rages against the prevalent practice of [[bloodletting]] as a universal cure and founds [[homeopathy]]
* 1796 - [[Edward Jenner]] develops a smallpox [[vaccination]] method

== १८०० - अब तक ==

* 1800 - [[Humphry Davy]] announces the [[anaesthetic]] properties of [[nitrous oxide]]
* 1816 - [[Rene Laennec]] invents the [[stethoscope]]
* 1818 - British obstetrician [[James Blundell (physician)|James Blundell]] performs the first successful human blood [[transfusion]].
* 1842 - [[Crawford Long]] performs the first surgical operation using anaesthesia with [[ether]]
* 1847 - [[Ignaz Semmelweis]] discovers how to prevent [[puerperal fever]], childbed fever, a blood infection passed to women during childbirth by their doctors. The fever killed one-third of mothers in some hospitals of the time.
* 1849 - [[Elizabeth Blackwell (doctor)|Elizabeth Blackwell]] is the first woman to gain a medical degree
* 1855 - first rubber [[condom]]<ref name=billy>{{cite web | title = Rubbers haven't always been made of rubber | work = Billy Boy: The excitingly different condom | url = http://www.billy-boy.com/english/info/ | accessdate = 2006-09-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060721104435/http://www.billy-boy.com/english/info/ | archive-date = 21 जुलाई 2006 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
* 1867 - [[Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister|Lister]] publishes ''[[Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery]]'', based partly on Pasteur's work.
* 1870 - [[Louis Pasteur]] and [[Robert Koch]] establish the [[germ theory of disease]]
* 1879 - first vaccine for [[cholera]]
* 1881 - Louis Pasteur develops an [[anthrax disease|anthrax]] vaccine
* 1882 - Louis Pasteur develops a [[rabies]] vaccine
* 1890 - [[Emil von Behring]] discovers [[antitoxin]]s and uses them to develop [[tetanus]] and [[diphtheria]] vaccines
* 1895 - [[Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen]] discovers medical use of [[X-ray]]s in [[medical imaging]]
* 1901 - [[Karl Landsteiner]] discovers the existence of different human [[blood type]]s
* 1901 - [[Alois Alzheimer]] identifies the first case of what becomes known as [[Alzheimer's disease]]
* 1906 - [[Frederick Hopkins]] suggests the existence of [[vitamin]]s and suggests that a lack of vitamins causes [[scurvy]] and [[rickets]]
* 1907 - [[Paul Ehrlich]] develops a chemotherapeutic cure for [[African trypanosomiasis|sleeping sickness]]
* 1908 - [[Victor Horsley]] and R. Clarke invents the [[Horsley-Clarke apparatus|stereotactic method]]
* 1909 - First [[Intrauterine device]] described by Richard Richter.<ref name="histcontraception">{{cite journal | year = 2000 | month = February | title = Evolution and Revolution: The Past, Present, and Future of Contraception | journal = Contraception Online (Baylor College of Medicine) | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | url = http://www.contraceptiononline.org/contrareport/article01.cfm?art=93 | access-date = 12 अक्तूबर 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090606233856/http://www.contraceptiononline.org/contrareport/article01.cfm?art=93 | archive-date = 6 जून 2009 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
* 1917 - [[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]] discovers the malarial fever [[shock therapy]] for [[general paresis of the insane]]
* 1921 - [[Edward Mellanby]] discovers [[vitamin D]] and shows that its absence causes [[rickets]]
* 1921 - [[Frederick Banting]] and Charles Best discover [[insulin]] - important for the treatment of diabetes
* 1923 - First vaccine for [[Diphtheria]]
* 1926 - First vaccine for [[Pertussis]]
* 1927 - First vaccine for [[Tuberculosis]]
* 1927 - First vaccine for [[Tetanus]]
* 1928 - [[Alexander Fleming]] discovers [[penicillin]]
* 1929 - [[Hans Berger]] discovers human [[electroencephalography]]
* 1932 - [[Gerhard Domagk]] develops a chemotherapeutic cure for [[streptococcus]]
* 1933 - [[Manfred Sakel]] discovers [[insulin shock therapy]]
* 1935 - [[Ladislas J. Meduna]] discovers [[metrazol]] [[shock therapy]]
* 1935 - First vaccine for [[Yellow Fever]]
* 1936 - [[Egas Moniz]] discovers prefrontal [[lobotomy]] for treating mental diseases
* 1938 - [[Ugo Cerletti]] and [[Lucio Bini]] discover [[electroconvulsive therapy]]
* 1943 - [[Willem Kolff]] build the first [[dialysis machine]]
* 1949 - First implant of [[intraocular lens]], by [[Harold Ridley (ophthalmologist)|Sir Harold Ridley]]
* 1952 - [[Jonas Salk]] develops the first [[polio]] vaccine
* 1957 - [[William Grey Walter]] invents the brain [[EEG topography]] (toposcope)
* 1960 - Invention of Cardiopulmonary resuscitation ([[CPR]])
* 1960 - First [[combined oral contraceptive]] approved by the FDA<ref name="histcontraception" />
* 1962 - First Oral [[Polio Vaccine]]
* 1964 - First vaccine for [[Measles]]
* 1965 - [[Frank Pantridge]] installs the first portable [[defibrillator]]
* 1965 - First commercial [[ultrasound]]
* 1967 - First vaccine for [[Mumps]]
* 1967 - [[Christiaan Barnard]] performs first human heart transplant
* 1970 - First vaccine for [[Rubella]]
* 1971 - Sir [[Godfrey Hounsfield]] invents the first commercial [[CT scanner]]
* 1976 - First commercial [[PET scanner]]
* 1978 - Last fatal case of [[smallpox]]<ref name="Pennington">{{cite journal |author=Pennington H |title=Smallpox and bioterrorism |url=http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0042-96862003001000014&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Bull. World Health Organ. |volume=81 |issue=10 |pages=762–7 |year=2003 |pmid=14758439 |access-date=12 अक्तूबर 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220010508/http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext |archive-date=20 फ़रवरी 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 1980 - [[Raymond Damadian]] builds first commercial [[MRI scanner]]
* 1981 - First [[Hepatitis B vaccine|vaccine for Hepatitis B]]
* 1987 - [[Ben Carson]], leading a 70-member medical team in Germany, was the first to separate occipital craniopagus twins.
* 1992 - First [[Hepatitis A vaccine|vaccine for Hepatitis A]] available<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sesiahs.health.nsw.gov.au/albionstcentre/infection/Resource%20Packages/hepa.asp |title=Resource Packages: Hepatitis A |author=Albion Street Centre |publisher=South Eastern Sydney Illawarra Health, [[NSW Health Department]] |accessdate=2009-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222024728/http://www.sesiahs.health.nsw.gov.au/albionstcentre/infection/Resource%20Packages/hepa.asp |archive-date=22 फ़रवरी 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2003 - [[Carlo Urbani]], of Doctors without Borders alerted the [[World Health Organization]] to the threat of the [[SARS]] virus, triggering the most effective response to an epidemic in history. Urbani succumbs to the disease himself in less than a month.
* 2005 - Jean-Michel Dubernard performs the first partial [[face transplant]]
* 2006 - First [[HPV vaccine]] approved
* 2006 - Second [[rotavirus vaccine]] approved (first was withdrawn)
* 2008 - Laurent Lantieri performs the first full [[face transplant]]

== इन्हें भी देखें ==
* [[जीवाणुनाशकों की समयरेखा]] (Timeline of antibiotics)
* [[टीकोंकी समयरेखा]] (Timeline of vaccines)

== टिप्पणी ==
1. उपर दी गयी कुछ तिथियाँ अनिश्चित हैं [https://web.archive.org/web/20060811190150/http://www.atributetohinduism.com/Hindu_Culture2.htm A Tribute to Hinduism] के अनुसार [[सुश्रुत]] का समय ५वीं शती ईसा पूर्व है।

== सन्दर्भ ==
{{reflist}}

== बाहरी कड़ियाँ ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080216092053/http://www.abpischools.org.uk/res/coResourceImport/resources04/history/timeline.cfm Interactive timeline of medicine and medical technology] (requires Flash plugin)

[[श्रेणी:आयुर्विज्ञान]]
[[श्रेणी:इतिहास]]
[[श्रेणी:प्रौद्योगिकी]]