imported>संजीव कुमार: /* इन्हें भी देखें */ -लाल-कड़ियाँ

2021-07-08T14:56:59Z

इन्हें भी देखें: -लाल-कड़ियाँ

नया पृष्ठ

[[चित्र:Artsy density column.png|right|thumb|150px|अलग-अलग घनत्व और अलग-लग रंग के द्रव काँच के एक नलिका में रखे गये हैं। सबसे हल्का (सबसे कम घनत्व वाला) द्रव सबसे ऊपर तथा सबसे भारी (सबसे अधिक घनत्व वाला) सबसे नीचे रहेगा।]]
[[भौतिक शास्त्र|भौतिकी]] में किसी पदार्थ के इकाई [[आयतन]] में निहित [[द्रव्यमान]] को उस पदार्थ का '''घनत्व''' (डेंसिटी) कहते हैं। इसे '''ρ''' या '''d''' से निरूपित करते हैं।

अर्थात

: <math> \rho = \frac{m}{V}</math>

अतः घनत्व किसी पदार्थ के '''घनेपन''' की माप है। यह इंगित करता है कि कोई पदार्थ कितनी अच्छी तरह सजाया हुआ है। इसकी इकाई '''किग्रा प्रति घन मीटर होती है।

== घनत्वों की सारणी ==

=== विभिन्न पदार्थ ===
:''यहाँ कुछ चुने हुए [[रासायनिक तत्व]] सूचीकृत हैं। सभी रासायनिक तत्वों का घनत्व जानने के लिए [[रासायनिक तत्वों की सूची]] देखें।

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+विभिन्न पदार्थों के घनत्व
|-
! पदार्थ
! ''ρ'' (kg/m3)<ref group=note>Unless otherwise noted, all densities given are at [[standard conditions for temperature and pressure]], that is, {{convert|273.15|K|C|abbr=on|lk=in}} and {{convert|100|kPa|atm|3|abbr=on}}.</ref>
! class="unsortable" | टिप्पणियाँ
|-0.08988
| [[हाइड्रोजन]] || 0.0898 ||
|-
| [[हिलियम]] || 0.179 ||
|-
| [[एरोग्रेफाइट]] || 0.2 || <ref group=note name=noair>Air contained in material excluded when calculating density</ref><ref>[http://phys.org/news/2012-07-carbon-nanotube-struructure-aerographite-lightest.html New carbon nanotube struructure aerographite is lightest material champ{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017064205/http://phys.org/news/2012-07-carbon-nanotube-struructure-aerographite-lightest.html |date=October 17, 2013 }}. Phys.org (July 13, 2012). Retrieved on July 14, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/technik/aerographit-leichtestes-material-der-welt-entwickelt-a-843819.html Aerographit: Leichtestes Material der Welt entwickelt – SPIEGEL ONLINE] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017083053/http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/technik/aerographit-leichtestes-material-der-welt-entwickelt-a-843819.html |date=October 17, 2013 }}. Spiegel.de (July 11, 2012). Retrieved on July 14, 2012.</ref>
|-
| [[Metallic microlattice]] || 0.9 || <ref group=note name=noair/>
|-
| [[Aerogel]] || 1.0 || <ref group=note name=noair/>
|-
| [[वायु]] || 1.2 || समुद्र तल पर
|-
| [[टंगस्टन हेक्साफ्लोराइड]] || 12.4 || मानक ताप और दाब पर सबसे अधिक घनत्व वाली ज्ञात गैसों में से एक
|-
| [[द्रव हाइड्रोजन]] || 70 || At approx. −255 °C
|-
| [[Expanded polystyrene|Styrofoam]] || 75 || Approx.<ref name="madsci1">{{cite web |url=http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/mar2000/954534602.Ph.r.html |title=Re: which is more {{sic|bou|yant|nolink=y}} styrofoam or cork |publisher=Madsci.org |accessdate=September 14, 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214145901/http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/mar2000/954534602.Ph.r.html |archivedate=14 फ़रवरी 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
|-
| [[Cork (material)|Cork]] || 240 || Approx.<ref name="madsci1" />
|-
| [[Pine]] || 373 || <ref name="SerwayJewett2005">{{citation|author1=Raymond Serway|author2=John Jewett|title=Principles of Physics: A Calculus-Based Text|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VaroJ5BNuZAC|year=2005|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=0-534-49143-X|page=467|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517053840/https://books.google.com/books?id=VaroJ5BNuZAC|archivedate=May 17, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lithium]] || 535 ||
|-
| [[Wood]] || 700 || Seasoned, typical<ref name=wood0>{{cite web |url=http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/wood-density-d_40.html |title=Wood Densities |accessdate=October 15, 2012 |work=www.engineeringtoolbox.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020065545/http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/wood-density-d_40.html |archivedate=20 अक्तूबर 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name=wood1>{{cite web |title=Density of Wood |url=http://www.simetric.co.uk/si_wood.htm |accessdate=October 15, 2012 |work=www.simetric.co.uk |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026115734/http://www.simetric.co.uk/si_wood.htm |archivedate=26 अक्तूबर 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
|-
| [[Oak]] || 710 || <ref name="SerwayJewett2005"/>
|-
| [[Potassium]] || 860 || <ref name="crc2ed">CRC Press Handbook of tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd Edition, 1976, Table 1-59</ref>
|-
| [[Ice]] || 916.7 || At temperature < 0 °C
|-
| [[Cooking oil]] || 910–930 ||
|-
| [[Sodium]] || 970 ||
|-
| [[Water]] (fresh) || 1,000 || At 4 °C, the temperature of its maximum density
|-
| [[Water]] (salt) || 1,030 || 3%
|-
| [[Liquid oxygen]] || 1,141 || At approx. −219 °C
|-
| [[Nylon]] || 1,150 ||
|-
| [[Plastics]] || 1,175 || Approx.; for [[polypropylene]] and [[PETE]]/[[PVC]]
|-
| [[Tetrachloroethene]] || 1,622 ||
|-
| [[Magnesium]] || 1,740 ||
|-
| [[Beryllium]] || 1,850 ||
|-
| [[Glycerol]] || 1,261 || <ref>[http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Star/compos.pl?matno=174 glycerol composition at] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228142256/http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Star/compos.pl?matno=174 |date=February 28, 2013 }}. Physics.nist.gov. Retrieved on July 14, 2012.</ref>
|-
| [[Concrete]] || 2,400 || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hypertextbook.com/facts/1999/KatrinaJones.shtml|title=Density of Concrete - The Physics Factbook|website=hypertextbook.com|access-date=16 जनवरी 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224135005/https://hypertextbook.com/facts/1999/KatrinaJones.shtml|archive-date=24 दिसंबर 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="YoungFreedman2012">Hugh D. Young; Roger A. Freedman. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1YXznQEACAAJ University Physics with Modern Physics] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430045329/https://books.google.com/books?id=1YXznQEACAAJ |date=April 30, 2016 }}''. Addison-Wesley; 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-321-69686-1}}. p. 374.</ref>
|-
| [[Silicon]] || 2,330 ||
|-
| [[Aluminium]] || 2,700 ||
|-
| [[Diiodomethane]] || 3,325 || Liquid at room temperature
|-
| [[Diamond]] || 3,500 ||
|-
| [[Titanium]] || 4,540 ||
|-
| [[Selenium]] || 4,800 ||
|-
| [[Vanadium]] || 6,100 ||
|-
| [[Antimony]] || 6,690 ||
|-
| [[Zinc]] || 7,000 ||
|-
| [[Chromium]] || 7,200 ||
|-
| [[Tin]] || 7,310 ||
|-
| [[Manganese]] || 7,325 || Approx.
|-
| [[Iron]] || 7,870 ||
|-
| [[Niobium]] || 8,570 ||
|-
| [[Brass]] || 8,600 || <ref name="YoungFreedman2012"/>
|-
| [[Cadmium]] || 8,650 ||
|-
| [[Cobalt]] || 8,900 ||
|-
| [[Nickel]] || 8,900 ||
|-
| [[Copper]] || 8,940 ||
|-
| [[Bismuth]] || 9,750 ||
|-
| [[Molybdenum]] || 10,220 ||
|-
| [[Silver]] || 10,500 ||
|-
| [[Lead]] || 11,340 ||
|-
| [[Thorium]] || 11,700 ||
|-
| [[Rhodium]] || 12,410 ||
|-
| [[पारा|Mercury]]|| 13,546 ||
|-
| [[Tantalum]] || 16,600 ||
|-
| [[Uranium]] || 18,800 ||
|-
| [[Tungsten]] || 19,300 ||
|-
| [[सोना|स्वर्ण]] || 19,320 ||
|-
| [[Plutonium]] || 19,840 ||
|-
| [[Rhenium]] || 21,020 ||
|-
| [[Platinum]] || 21,450 ||
|-
| [[Iridium]] || 22,420 ||
|-
| [[ऑस्मियम]] || 22,570 ||
|-
!  colspan=3 style="background-color:#f9f9f9; text-align:left; font-weight:normal;" | Notes:
{{reflist|group=note}}
|}
{{Clear}}

=== अन्य ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Entity
! ''ρ'' (kg/m3)
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| [[Interstellar medium]] || data-sort-value="0.0000000000000000001" | {{val|1|e=-19}} || Assuming 90% H, 10% He; variable T
|-
| The [[Earth]] || 5,515 || Mean density.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=density+of+the+earth |title=Density of the Earth |publisher=wolframalpha.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017051437/http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=density+of+the+earth |archivedate=17 अक्तूबर 2013 |df=mdy-all |access-date=16 जनवरी 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Earth's inner core]] || 13,000 || Approx., as listed in [[Earth]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=density+of+earth%27s+core |title=Density of Earth's core |publisher=wolframalpha.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017051441/http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=density+of+earth%27s+core |archivedate=17 अक्तूबर 2013 |df=mdy-all |access-date=16 जनवरी 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| The core of the [[सूर्य|Sun]] || 33,000–160,000 || Approx.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=density+of+sun%27s+core |title=Density of the Sun's core |publisher=wolframalpha.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017051337/http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=density+of+sun%27s+core |archivedate=17 अक्तूबर 2013 |df=mdy-all |access-date=16 जनवरी 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Supermassive black hole|Super-massive black hole]] || {{val|9|e=5}} || Density of a 4.5-million-solar-mass black hole [[Event horizon]] radius is 13.5 million km.
|-
| [[White dwarf]] star || {{val|2.1|e=9}} || Approx.<ref name="osln">[http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~jaj/Ast162/lectures/notesWL22.pdf Extreme Stars: White Dwarfs & Neutron Stars] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925204453/http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~jaj/Ast162/lectures/notesWL22.pdf |date=September 25, 2007 }}, Jennifer Johnson, lecture notes, Astronomy 162, [[Ohio State University]]. Accessed: May 3, 2007.</ref>
|-
| [[Atomic nuclei]] || {{val|2.3|e=17}} || Does not depend strongly on size of nucleus<ref>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/HBASE/Nuclear/nucuni.html Nuclear Size and Density] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706034134/http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/nucuni.html |date=July 6, 2009 }}, HyperPhysics, Georgia State University. Accessed: June 26, 2009.</ref>
|-
| [[Neutron star]] || {{val|1|e=18}} ||
|-
| Stellar-mass [[black hole]] || {{val|1|e=18}} || Density of a 4-solar-mass black hole [[Event horizon]] radius is 12 km.
|}

=== जल ===
{{See also|Water (molecule)#Density of water and ice|l1=Water density}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Density of liquid water at 1 [[Atmosphere (unit)|atm]] pressure
|-
! Temp. (°C)<ref group=note>Values below 0 °C refer to [[supercooling|supercooled]] water.</ref>
! Density (kg/m3)
|-
| −30 || 983.854
|-
| −20 || 993.547
|-
| −10 || 998.117
|-
| 0 || 999.8395
|-
| 4 || 999.9720
|-
| 10 || 999.7026
|-
| 15 || 999.1026
|-
| 20 || 998.2071
|-
| 22 || 997.7735
|-
| 25 || 997.0479
|-
| 30 || 995.6502
|-
| 40 || 992.2
|-
| 60 || 983.2
|-
| 80 || 971.8
|-
| 100 || 958.4
|-
|colspan=2 |Notes:
{{reflist|group=note}}
|}

=== वायु ===
{{Main article|Density of air}}
[[File:Air density vs temperature.svg|thumb|right|400px|Air density ''vs.'' temperature]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Density of air at 1 [[Atmosphere (unit)|atm]] pressure
|-
! ''T'' (°C)
! ''ρ'' (kg/m3)
|-
| −25 || 1.423
|-
| −20 || 1.395
|-
| −15 || 1.368
|-
| −10 || 1.342
|-
| −5 || 1.316
|-
| 0 || 1.293
|-
| 5 || 1.269
|-
| 10 || 1.247
|-
| 15 || 1.225
|-
| 20 || 1.204
|-
| 25 || 1.184
|-
| 30 || 1.164
|-
| 35 || 1.146
|}
{{Clear}}

=== तत्वों के द्रव एवं ठोस प्रावस्थाओं के मोलर आयतन ===
[[File:Molar volumes of liquid and solid phase of elements.jpg|thumb|left|1000px|Molar volumes of liquid and solid phase of elements]]

{{Clear}}

==इन्हें भी देखें==
* [[आवेश घनत्व]]
* [[उत्प्लावन बल]]
* [[जनसंख्या घनत्व]] (Population density)

== बाहरी कड़ियाँ ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080505011613/http://www.science.co.il/PTelements.asp?s=Density [[आवर्त सारणी]] के तत्वों की घनत्व के क्रम में सूची]

[[श्रेणी:भौतिकी]]
[[श्रेणी:घनत्व|*]]

घनत्व - अवतरण इतिहास

imported>संजीव कुमार: /* इन्हें भी देखें */ -लाल-कड़ियाँ