imported>Sanjeev bot: बॉट: पुनर्प्रेषित श्रेणी खगोल विज्ञान की जगह खगोलशास्त्र जोड़ी

2021-08-08T12:23:18Z

बॉट: पुनर्प्रेषित श्रेणी खगोल विज्ञान की जगह खगोलशास्त्र जोड़ी

नया पृष्ठ

[[ज्योतिष]] में कई विश्वास प्रणालियां शामिल हैं जो यह मानती हैं कि खगोलीय घटना और मानव दुनिया में घटनाओं या व्यक्तित्व के विवरण के बीच एक संबंध है। ब्रह्मांड का वर्णन करने के लिए कोई व्याख्यात्मक शक्ति नहीं होने के कारण वैज्ञानिक समुदाय द्वारा ज्योतिष को खारिज कर दिया गया है। [[ज्योतिष#वैज्ञानिक मूल्यांकन|वैज्ञानिक परीक्षण]] को ज्योतिषीय परंपराओं में उल्लिखित परिसर या कथित प्रभावों का समर्थन करने के लिए कोई सबूत नहीं मिला है.<ref name=Zarka />

जहां ज्योतिष ने [[गलत साबित]] भविष्यवाणियां की हैं, वहां इसे गलत ठहराया गया है.<ref name=Zarka />{{rp|424}}सबसे प्रसिद्ध परीक्षण का नेतृत्व [[शॉन कार्लसन]] ने किया था और इसमें वैज्ञानिकों की एक समिति और ज्योतिषियों की एक समिति शामिल थी। इससे यह निष्कर्ष निकला कि [[जन्म ज्योतिष]] ने संयोग से बेहतर प्रदर्शन नहीं किया। ज्योतिषी और मनोवैज्ञानिक मिशेल गौक्वेलिन ने एथलीटों की जन्मतिथि में "[[मंगल प्रभाव]]" के लिए सांख्यिकीय समर्थन पाने का दावा किया है, लेकिन इसे आगे के अध्ययनों में दोहराया नहीं जा सका।<ref name=Carroll />{{rp|213–214}} बाद के अध्ययनों के आयोजकों ने दावा किया कि गौक्वेलिन ने विशिष्ट व्यक्तियों को हटाने का सुझाव देकर अध्ययन के लिए उनके समावेशन मानदंडों को प्रभावित करने का प्रयास किया था। जेफ्री डीन द्वारा यह भी सुझाव दिया गया है कि माता-पिता द्वारा जन्म के समय की रिपोर्टिंग (1950 के दशक से पहले) ने स्पष्ट प्रभाव डाला हो सकता है।

ज्योतिष ने [[अनुभववाद | नियंत्रित अध्ययन]] में अपनी प्रभावशीलता का प्रदर्शन नहीं किया है और इसकी कोई वैज्ञानिक वैधता नहीं है,<ref name=Zarka /><ref name=Cosmic />{{rp|85}} और इस प्रकार [[छद्म विज्ञान]] के रूप में माना जाता है।<ref name=SandPSandAstroSoc /><ref name=Hartmann />{{rp|1350}} कार्रवाई का कोई प्रस्तावित तंत्र नहीं है जिसके द्वारा सितारों और ग्रहों की स्थिति और गति पृथ्वी पर लोगों और घटनाओं को प्रभावित कर सकती है जिस तरह से ज्योतिषी कहते हैं कि वे अच्छी तरह से समझे गए, [[जीव विज्ञान]] और [[ के बुनियादी पहलुओं का खंडन नहीं करते हैं। भौतिक विज्ञान]]।<ref name= Vishveshwara />{{rp|249}}<ref name=AsquithNSF />
==परिचय ==
अधिकांश पेशेवर ज्योतिषी ज्योतिष-आधारित व्यक्तित्व परीक्षण करने और पारिश्रमिक के भविष्य के बारे में प्रासंगिक भविष्यवाणियां करने पर भरोसा करते हैं।<ref name=Cosmic />{{rp|83}} जो लोग ज्योतिष में विश्वास करना जारी रखते हैं, उन्हें ऐसा करने के रूप में वर्णित किया गया है "इस तथ्य के बावजूद कि उनकी मान्यताओं के लिए कोई सत्यापित वैज्ञानिक आधार नहीं है, और वास्तव में इसके विपरीत मजबूत सबूत हैं।".<ref name=Humanist /> [[एस्ट्रोफिजिसिस्ट]] [[नील डेग्रसे टायसन]] ने ज्योतिषीय विश्वास पर टिप्पणी करते हुए कहा कि "सोचने का तरीका जानने का एक हिस्सा यह जानना है कि प्रकृति के नियम हमारे आसपास की दुनिया को कैसे आकार देते हैं। उस ज्ञान के बिना, सोचने की क्षमता के बिना, आप कर सकते हैं आसानी से उन लोगों का शिकार बन जाते हैं जो आपका फायदा उठाना चाहते हैं".<ref name=Post />

विश्वसनीयता की कमी के बावजूद ज्योतिष में निरंतर विश्वास को निम्न [[वैज्ञानिक साक्षरता]] के एक प्रदर्शन के रूप में देखा जाता है।<ref name=Allum />
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=NSFIndicators>{{cite book|title=Science and Technology Indicators 2014|publisher=National Science Foundation|url=https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind14/content/chapter-7/chapter-7.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name=Raymond>{{cite journal|first=Raymond S. Nickerson|title=Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises|journal=Review of General Psychology|year=1998|volume=2|series=2|pages=175–220|doi=10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175|last1=Nickerson|issue=2|s2cid=8508954}}</ref>
<ref name=Paul>{{cite book|last=Paul|first=Annie Murphy|title=The cult of personality testing : how personality tests are leading us to miseducate our children, mismanage our companies, and misunderstand ourselves.|year=2005|publisher=Free Press|location=New York, N.Y.|isbn=978-0-7432-8072-3|edition=1st pbk.|url=https://archive.org/details/cultofpersonalit00paul}}</ref>
<ref name= Vishveshwara>{{cite book|editor-last=Vishveshwara|editor-first=S.K.|editor2=Biswas, D.C.V.|editor3=Mallik, C.V.|title=Cosmic perspectives : essays dedicated to the memory of M.K.V. Bappu|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge [England]|isbn=978-0-521-34354-1|edition=1. publ.}}</ref>
<ref name=AsquithNSF>{{cite book|editor=Peter D. Asquith|title=Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, vol. 1|year=1978|publisher=Reidel u.a.|location=Dordrecht u.a.|isbn=978-0-917586-05-7|url=http://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/bnccde/PH29A/thagard.html}}
* {{cite web|title=Chapter 7: Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding|url=https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/c7/c7s2.htm#c7s2l3|work=science and engineering indicators 2006|publisher=National Science Foundation|access-date=28 July 2012|quote=About three-fourths of Americans hold at least one pseudoscientific belief; i.e., they believed in at least 1 of the 10 survey items[29]" ..." Those 10 items were extrasensory perception (ESP), that houses can be haunted, ghosts/that spirits of dead people can come back in certain places/situations, telepathy/communication between minds without using traditional senses, clairvoyance/the power of the mind to know the past and predict the future, astrology/that the position of the stars and planets can affect people's lives, that people can communicate mentally with someone who has died, witches, reincarnation/the rebirth of the soul in a new body after death, and channeling/allowing a "spirit-being" to temporarily assume control of a body.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201220040/https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/c7/c7s2.htm#c7s2l3|archive-date=2013-02-01|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name=SandPSandAstroSoc>{{cite web|last1=Hansson |first1=Sven Ove |last2=Zalta |first2=Edward N.|title=Science and Pseudo-Science|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pseudo-science/|publisher=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|access-date=6 July 2012}}
* {{cite web|title=Astronomical Pseudo-Science: A Skeptic's Resource List |publisher=Astronomical Society of the Pacific |url=http://www.astrosociety.org/education/resources/pseudobib.html}}</ref>
<ref name=Hartmann>{{cite journal|last=Hartmann|first=P|author2=Reuter, M.|author3=Nyborga, H.|title=The relationship between date of birth and individual differences in personality and general intelligence: A large-scale study|journal=Personality and Individual Differences|date=May 2006|volume=40|issue=7|pages=1349–1362|doi=10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.017|quote=To optimise the chances of finding even remote relationships between date of birth and individual differences in personality and intelligence we further applied two different strategies. The first one was based on the common chronological concept of time (e.g. month of birth and season of birth). The second strategy was based on the (pseudo-scientific) concept of astrology (e.g. Sun Signs, The Elements, and astrological gender), as discussed in the book ''Astrology: Science or superstition?'' by Eysenck and Nias (1982).}}</ref>
<ref name=Post>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/aponline/20010827/aponline135357_000.htm|work=The Washington Post|date=27 August 2001|title=Ariz. Astrology School Accredited|access-date=6 जून 2021|archive-date=6 जनवरी 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106204313/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/aponline/20010827/aponline135357_000.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name=PopperStanford>{{cite web|author=Stephen Thornton|author2=Edward N. Zalta (older edition)|title=Karl Popper|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/popper/|publisher=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|year=2018}}</ref>
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<ref name=Eysenck1982>{{cite book|last=Eysenck|first=H.J.|title=Astrology : science or superstition?|year=1984|publisher=Penguin Books|location=Harmondsworth|isbn=978-0-14-022397-2|author2=Nias, D.K.B.}}</ref>
<ref name=Gonzalez>{{cite book|editor=Jean-Paul Caverni|editor2=Jean-Marc Fabre|editor3=Michel Gonzalez|title=Cognitive biases|year=1990|publisher=North-Holland|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0-444-88413-8}}</ref>
<ref name=Allum>{{cite journal|last=Allum|first=Nick|title=What Makes Some People Think Astrology Is Scientific?|journal=Science Communication|date=13 December 2010|volume=33|issue=3|pages=341–366|doi=10.1177/1075547010389819|quote=This underlies the "Barnum effect". Named after the 19th-century showman Phineas T. Barnum, whose circus act provided "a little something for everyone", it refers to the idea that people believe a statement about their personality that is vague or trivial if they think that it derives from some systematic procedure tailored especially for them (Dickson & Kelly, 1985; Furnham & Schofield, 1987; Rogers & Soule, 2009; Wyman & Vyse, 2008). For example, the more birth detail is used in an astrological prediction or horoscope, the more credulous people tend to be (Furnham, 1991). However, confirmation bias means that people do not tend to pay attention to other information that might disconfirm the credibility of the predictions.|citeseerx=10.1.1.598.6954|s2cid=53334767}}</ref>
<ref name=Rogers>{{cite journal|last=Rogers|first=P.|author2=Soule, J.|title=Cross-Cultural Differences in the Acceptance of Barnum Profiles Supposedly Derived From Western Versus Chinese Astrology|journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology|date=5 March 2009|volume=40|issue=3|pages=381–399|doi=10.1177/0022022109332843|s2cid=145505701|quote="The Barnum effect is a robust phenomenon, having been demonstrated in clinical, occupational, educational, forensic, and military settings as well as numerous ostensibly paranormal contexts (Dickson & Kelly, 1985; Furnham & Schofield, 1987; Snyder, Shenkel & Lowery, 1977; Thiriart, 1991). In the first Barnum study, Forer (1949) administered, astrological believers deemed a Barnum profile supposedly derived from astrology was a better description of their own personality than did astrological skeptics. This was true regardless of the respondent's ethnicity or apparent profile source. This reinforces still further the view that individuals who endorse astrological beliefs are prone to judging the legitimacy and usefulness of horoscopes according to their a priori expectations."}}</ref>
<ref name=Wunder>{{cite journal|last=Wunder|first=Edgar|title=Self-attribution, sun-sign traits, and the alleged role of favourableness as a moderator variable: long-term effect or artefact?|journal=Personality and Individual Differences|date=1 December 2003|volume=35|issue=8|pages=1783–1789|doi=10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00002-3|quote=The effect was replicated several times (Eysenck & Nias 1981,1982; Fichten & Sunerton, 1983; Jackson, 1979; Kelly, 1982; Smithers and Cooper, 1978), even if no reference to astrology was made until the debriefing of the subjects (Hamilton, 1995; Van Rooij, 1994, 1999), or if the data were gathered originally for a purpose that has nothing to do with astrology (Clarke, Gabriels, and Barnes, 1996; Van Rooij, Brak, & Commandeur, 1988), but the effect is stronger when a cue is given to the subjects that the study is about astrology (Van Rooij 1994). Early evidence for sun-sign derived self-attribution effects has already been reported by Silverman (1971) and Delaney & Woodyard (1974). In studies with subjects unfamiliar with the meaning of the astrological sun-sign symbolism, no effect was observed (Fourie, 1984; Jackson & Fiebert, 1980; Kanekar & Mukherjee, 1972; Mohan, Bhandari, & Meena, 1982; Mohan and Gulati, 1986; Saklofske, Kelly, & McKerracher, 1982; Silverman & Whitmer, 1974; Veno & Pamment, 1979). }}</ref>
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* The relevant piece is also published in, {{cite book|last=Schick Jr|first=Theodore|title=Readings in the philosophy of science : from positivism to postmodernism|year=2000|publisher=Mayfield Pub|location=Mountain View, CA|isbn=978-0-7674-0277-4|pages=33–39}}</ref>
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<ref name=Charpak>{{cite book|last=Charpak|first=Georges|title=Debunked! : ESP, telekinesis, and other pseudoscience|journal=Physics Today|volume=58|issue=5|year=2004|publisher=Johns Hopkins Univ. Press|location=Baltimore u.a.9|isbn=978-0-8018-7867-1|author2=Holland, Henri Broch |translator= Bart K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DpnWcMzeh8oC&q=astrology|pages=6, 7|bibcode=2005PhT....58e..67C|doi=10.1063/1.1995751}}</ref>
<ref name=Hawking>{{cite news|title=British Physicist Debunks Astrology in Indian Lecture |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.beliefnet.com/story/63/story_6346_1.html}}</ref>
<ref name=Humanist>{{cite web|title=Objections to Astrology: A Statement by 186 Leading Scientists |publisher=The Humanist, September/October 1975 |url=http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/astrology.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318140638/http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/astrology.html|archive-date=18 March 2009}}
* The Humanist, volume 36, no.5 (1976).
* {{cite book|title=Philosophy of Science and the Occult|chapter=Objections to Astrology: A Statement by 186 Leading Scientists|year=1982|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|isbn=978-0-87395-572-0|pages=14–18|author=Bok, Bart J.|author2=Lawrence E. Jerome|author3=Paul Kurtz|editor=Patrick Grim}}</ref>
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<ref name=Iran>{{cite journal|last=Arjomand|first=Kamran|title=The Emergence of Scientific Modernity in Iran: Controversies Surrounding Astrology and Modern Astronomy in the Mid-Nineteenth Century|journal=Iranian Studies|year=1997|doi=10.1080/00210869708701857|volume=30|issue=1–2|pages=5–24}}</ref>
<ref name=Thagard>{{cite journal|last=Thagard|first=Paul R.|title=Why Astrology is a Pseudoscience|journal=Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association|year=1978|volume=1|pages=223–234|url=https://philpapers.org/rec/THAWAI|doi=10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1978.1.192639|s2cid=147050929}}</ref>
<ref name=Hurley>{{cite book|last=Hurley|first=Patrick|title=A concise introduction to logic|year=2005|publisher=Wadsworth|location=Belmont, Calif.|isbn=978-0534585051|edition=9th}}</ref>
<ref name=EdwardJ>{{cite book|last=James|first=Edward W.|title=Philosophy of science and the occult.|year=1982|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|isbn=978-0873955720|editor=Patrick Grim}}</ref>
<ref name=BMJ>{{cite journal|last=Jackson|first=T.|title=When balance is bias|journal=BMJ|date=20 December 2011|volume=343|issue=dec19 2|pages=d8006|doi=10.1136/bmj.d8006|pmid=22187191|s2cid=206894358}}</ref>
<ref name=MartinRobbins>{{cite news|last=Robbins|first=Martin|title=Astrologers angered by stars|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/the-lay-scientist/2011/jan/24/1|access-date=7 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=24 January 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=Massimo>{{cite book|last=Pigliucci|first=Massimo|title=Nonsense on stilts : how to tell science from bunk|year=2010|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=9780226667850|edition=[Online-Ausg.].}}</ref>
<ref name=Philo>{{cite book|last1=Pigliucci |first1=Massimo |author-link1=Massimo Pigliucci |last2=Boudry |first2=Maarten |author-link2=Maarten Boudry|title=Philosophy of pseudoscience : reconsidering the demarcation problem|year=2013|publisher=Univ. of Chicago Press|location=Chicago [u.a.]|isbn=9780226051796}}</ref>
|2}}

==बाहरी कड़ियाँ ==
* {{cite web|last=Merrifield|first=Michael|title=Right Ascension & Declination|url=http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/declination.htm|work=Sixty Symbols|publisher=[[Brady Haran]] for the [[University of Nottingham]]}}—जो ज्योतिष की विभिन्न प्रणालियों में उदगम और गिरावट त्रुटियों पर भी चर्चा करता है
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.astrology-and-science.com/|title=Astrology and science |last=Smit|first=Rudolf H.}} साक्ष्य-आधारित अध्ययनों का एक संग्रह
* {{cite web|url=https://astrosociety.org/file_download/inline/849760a8-4adc-495f-8981-d537f047a7db|title=An Astronomer Looks at Astrology |last=Fraknoi|first=Andrew}} शुरुआती लोगों के लिए ज्योतिष की एक संदेहास्पद परीक्षा

[[श्रेणी:ज्योतिष]]
[[श्रेणी:खगोलशास्त्र]]

ज्योतिष और विज्ञान - अवतरण इतिहास

imported>Sanjeev bot: बॉट: पुनर्प्रेषित श्रेणी खगोल विज्ञान की जगह खगोलशास्त्र जोड़ी