English: Indo-European expansions, based on

• Anthony (2007), "The Horse, the Wheel, and Language"
• Narasimhan et al. (2019), "The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia"
• Anthony (2019), "Reply to Bomhardt"
• Nordqvist & Heyd (2020)
• Lazaridis et al. (2026), "Genetic Origin of the Indo-Europeans",

Legenda: – Center: Steppe cultures (non-Indo-European);
0 'Ur-Heimat' between lower Volga and Caucasus;
1 (black): Anatolian languages (archaic PIE);
2 (black): Afanasievo culture (early PIE);
3 (black): Yamnaya culture expansion (Pontic-Caspian steppe, Danube Valley) (late PIE);
4A (black): Western Corded Ware;
4B-C (blue & dark blue): Bell Beaker; adopted by Indo-European speakers;
5A-B (red): Eastern Corded Ware;
5C (red): Sintashta (proto-Indo-Iranian);
6 (magenta): Andronovo;
7A (purple): Indo-Aryans (Mittani);
7B (purple): Indo-Aryans (India);
[NN] (dark yellow): proto-Balto-Slavic;
8 (grey): Greek;
9 (yellow): Iranian;

– [not drawn]: Armenian, expanding from western steppe